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Ma Nishtana: Why is this night different

Pesach seder, asked by the youngest at the table · מַה נִּשְׁתַּנָּה
The four questions, asked at the seder by the youngest child who can read them, and the first long piece of Hebrew most people ever learn by heart. It is built to be learnable: one opening line, then four contrasts with identical grammar, so once you can hear the first you can predict all four. It is also not really four questions. There is one question — why is this night different — and four observations that answer it, each of the form on all other nights we do X, on this night Y.
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♪ Tuning E A D G B E
Key: Dm · 3 chords used ·  Dm · Gm · A
88 BPM · 4/4 · chanted rather than sung, by the youngest person who can manage it · one opening question and four contrasts, each with the same two halves · to reset the chord panel:
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1 · the question
מַה נִּשְׁתַּנָּה הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה מִכָּל הַלֵּילוֹת שֶׁבְּכָל הַלֵּילוֹת אָנוּ אוֹכְלִין חָמֵץ וּמַצָּה הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה כֻּלּוֹ מַצָּה שֶׁבְּכָל הַלֵּילוֹת אָנוּ אוֹכְלִין שְׁאָר יְרָקוֹת הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה כֻּלּוֹ מָרוֹר שֶׁבְּכָל הַלֵּילוֹת אֵין אָנוּ מַטְבִּילִין אֲפִילוּ פַּעַם אֶחָת הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה שְׁתֵּי פְעָמִים שֶׁבְּכָל הַלֵּילוֹת אָנוּ אוֹכְלִין בֵּין יוֹשְׁבִין וּבֵין מְסֻבִּין הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה כֻּלָּנוּ מְסֻבִּין
מַה
ma
what
נִּשְׁתַּנָּה
nish-ta-NA
is different
הַלַּיְלָה
ha-lai-LA
the night
הַזֶּה
ha-ZE
this
מִכָּל
mi-KAL
from all
הַלֵּילוֹת
ha-lei-LOT
the nights
| Dm | A |
Why is this night different from all other nights?
שֶׁבְּכָל
sheb-CHAL
that on all
הַלֵּילוֹת
ha-lei-LOT
the nights
אָנוּ
a-NU
we
אוֹכְלִין
och-LIN
eat
חָמֵץ
cha-METZ
leavened bread
וּמַצָּה
u-ma-TZA
and matzah
הַלַּיְלָה
ha-lai-LA
the night
הַזֶּה
ha-ZE
this
כֻּלּוֹ
ku-LO
all of it
מַצָּה
ma-TZA
matzah
| Dm | Gm A |
On all other nights we eat leavened bread and matzah; this night, only matzah.
שֶׁבְּכָל
sheb-CHAL
that on all
הַלֵּילוֹת
ha-lei-LOT
the nights
אָנוּ
a-NU
we
אוֹכְלִין
och-LIN
eat
שְׁאָר
she-AR
the rest of
יְרָקוֹת
ye-ra-KOT
vegetables
הַלַּיְלָה
ha-lai-LA
the night
הַזֶּה
ha-ZE
this
כֻּלּוֹ
ku-LO
all of it
מָרוֹר
ma-ROR
bitter herb
| Dm | Gm A |
On all other nights we eat other vegetables; this night, bitter herbs.
שֶׁבְּכָל
sheb-CHAL
that on all
הַלֵּילוֹת
ha-lei-LOT
the nights
אֵין
ein
not
אָנוּ
a-NU
we
מַטְבִּילִין
mat-bi-LIN
dip
אֲפִילוּ
a-fi-LU
even
פַּעַם
pa-AM
time
אֶחָת
e-CHAT
one
הַלַּיְלָה
ha-lai-LA
the night
הַזֶּה
ha-ZE
this
שְׁתֵּי
shtei
two
פְעָמִים
fe-a-MIM
times
| Dm | Gm A |
On all other nights we do not dip even once; this night, twice.
שֶׁבְּכָל
sheb-CHAL
that on all
הַלֵּילוֹת
ha-lei-LOT
the nights
אָנוּ
a-NU
we
אוֹכְלִין
och-LIN
eat
בֵּין
bein
between
יוֹשְׁבִין
yosh-VIN
sitting
וּבֵין
u-VEIN
and between
מְסֻבִּין
me-su-BIN
reclining
הַלַּיְלָה
ha-lai-LA
the night
הַזֶּה
ha-ZE
this
כֻּלָּנוּ
ku-la-NU
all of us
מְסֻבִּין
me-su-BIN
reclining
| Dm | Gm Dm |
On all other nights we eat either sitting up or reclining; this night, we all recline.
Four contrasts, one grammar. Each begins שֶׁבְּכָל (sheb-chal) — literally "that on all" — and each pivots on הַלַּיְלָה (ha-lai-la), "this night", with no verb at all in the second half. Hebrew does not need one: "this night — all of it matzah" is a complete sentence. Notice too that כֻּלּוֹ (ku-lo), כֻּלּוֹ (ku-lo) and כֻּלָּנוּ (ku-la-nu) are the same word wearing three endings: all of it, all of it, all of us. The suffix is doing the work a separate pronoun does in English.

♫ Singing notes

♦ About this song

Where the four come from

The Mishnah in tractate Pesachim gives the child's questions, and its list is not identical to the one recited today — the question about roasted meat belonged to a time when the Passover offering was still brought, and it dropped out. The reclining question took its place.

Reclining

מְסֻבִּין (me-su-bin) and מְסֻבִּין (me-su-bin) describe eating propped on the left side, the posture of a free person at a Roman banquet. The fourth contrast is therefore not about food at all; it is about who you are while eating it, which is the point the whole evening is making.

Dipping twice

The two dippings are the karpas into salt water early in the evening and the bitter herb into charoset later. The question notices a detail of the choreography, which is what a child at the table would in fact notice.

The rubric that is not here

The Haggadah text on Sefaria carries a stage direction before this passage — remove the plate, pour the second cup, the child asks. It is instruction to the host, not words to be recited, and the scaffold dropped it rather than printing it as a line of the song.

Hebrew: Haggadah, Magid, Ma Nishtana · Pesach Haggadah · Public Domain, via Sefaria, pinned in this repo at content/songs/source/020.json. English gloss lines authored for this site; the source translation is used as raw material only. Transliteration generated by this site's own engine (assets/translit.js).