At its heart this root means seeing what is between things, which in Hebrew is exactly what it is to understand. The everyday verb לְהָבִין (to understand) lives here, and so does בִּינָה, the deep discerning wisdom that gives one of the ten sefirot its name. Notice the family is sorted by depth: from grasping a sentence (הֲבָנָה) to insight (בִּינָה) to reasoned intelligence (תְּבוּנָה). The preposition בֵּין, "between", is the same idea standing still. Every word here is verified against pealim, niqqud included.
The same root runs through the verb system. Each binyan is a voice: it bends the one idea into active, passive, causative or reciprocal. Tap to hear.
The workhorse is the hif'il לְהָבִין, "to understand", the verb every learner uses daily. The two pi'el forms are technical: one is mathematical interpolation, the other is close observation (intelligence-gathering). "Understanding" sitting in the causative hif'il fits the root: you bring the parts together until the meaning forms.
Same root letters, different noun moulds (mishkalim). The mould tells you the function: who does it, the act of doing it, or the thing produced.
Strip the prefixes, suffixes and vowels. Three consonants remain, and the meaning lives there.