One physical image runs through this whole family: weight. What is heavy carries gravity, and a person of weight is a person of honor, so the root splits into two streams from a single source. כָּבֵד is both "heavy" and "the liver" (the body's heaviest organ); כָּבוֹד is honor and dignity; and to honor someone, לְכַבֵּד, is also to offer them refreshments. The same root even gives the everyday word for luggage. Once you feel the "heavy" core, the dozen meanings stop being a list and become one idea. Every word here is verified against pealim, niqqud included.
The same root runs through the verb system. Each binyan is a voice: it bends the one idea into active, passive, causative or reciprocal. Tap to hear.
Watch the meaning shift with the binyan. Pa'al and hif'il keep the literal weight (to burden, to weigh on); pi'el לְכַבֵּד lifts the same root into the social sphere (to honor), and the reflexive hitpa'el is "to have the honor" or, at a table, "to help oneself". One root, the physical and the social side by side.
Same root letters, different noun moulds (mishkalim). The mould tells you the function: who does it, the act of doing it, or the thing produced.
Strip the prefixes, suffixes and vowels. Three consonants remain, and the meaning lives there.