One root for the idea of a representative case: the model that stands for the whole, the sample drawn to test the rest, the example that shows the rule. From it Hebrew builds the verb to sample (statistics) and to demonstrate (show by example), plus the everyday dugma you reach for whenever you say ‘for example'. Every word here is verified against pealim, niqqud included.
The same root runs through the verb system. Each binyan is a voice: it bends the one idea into active, passive, causative or reciprocal. Tap to hear.
Two verbs split the root cleanly: pa'al takes a sample from reality, hif'il holds an example up to someone (causative, ‘make them see'). Most of this family, though, lives in the nouns.
Same root letters, different noun moulds (mishkalim). The mould tells you the function: who does it, the act of doing it, or the thing produced.
Strip the prefixes, suffixes and vowels. Three consonants remain, and the meaning lives there.